Coenzyme Q-10: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (2024)

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Golomb, B. A., Kwon, E. K., Koperski, S., and Evans, M. A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like conditions in possible association with cholesterol-lowering drugs: an analysis of patient reports to the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Statin Effects Study. Drug Saf 2009;32(8):649-661. View abstract.

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Jacobson, B. H., Smith, D. B., Warren, A. J., Glass, R. G., Kline, C., Fedick, J. L., and Stemm, J. Assessment of the effectiveness of a sublingual, ergogenic spray on muscle strength and power. J Strength Cond.Res 2009;23(8):2326-2330. View abstract.

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Kaji, S., Murayama, K., Nagata, I., Nagasaka, H., Takayanagi, M., Ohtake, A., Iwasa, H., Nishiyama, M., Okazaki, Y., Harashima, H., Eitoku, T., Yamamoto, M., Matsushita, H., Kitamoto, K., Sakata, S., Katayama, T., Sugimoto, S., Fujimoto, Y., Murakami, J., Kanzaki, S., and Shiraki, K. Fluctuating liver functions in siblings with MPV17 mutations and possible improvement associated with dietary and pharmaceutical treatments targeting respiratory chain complex II. Mol.Genet.Metab 2009;97(4):292-296. View abstract.

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Kaufmann, P., Thompson, J. L., Levy, G., Buchsbaum, R., Shefner, J., Krivickas, L. S., Katz, J., Rollins, Y., Barohn, R. J., Jackson, C. E., Tiryaki, E., Lomen-Hoerth, C., Armon, C., Tandan, R., Rudnicki, S. A., Rezania, K., Sufit, R., Pestronk, A., Novella, S. P., Heiman-Patterson, T., Kasarskis, E. J., Pioro, E. P., Montes, J., Arbing, R., Vecchio, D., Barsdorf, A., Mitsumoto, H., and Levin, B. Phase II trial of CoQ10 for ALS finds insufficient evidence to justify phase III. Ann Neurol. 2009;66(2):235-244. View abstract.

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Klopstock, T., Metz, G., Yu-Wai-Man, P., Buchner, B., Gallenmuller, C., Bailie, M., Nwali, N., Griffiths, P. G., von, Livonius B., Reznicek, L., Rouleau, J., Coppard, N., Meier, T., and Chinnery, P. F. Persistence of the treatment effect of idebenone in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. Brain 2013;136(Pt 2):e230. View abstract.

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Lodi, R., Hart, P. E., Rajagopalan, B., Taylor, D. J., Crilley, J. G., Bradley, J. L., Blamire, A. M., Manners, D., Styles, P., Schapira, A. H., and Cooper, J. M. Antioxidant treatment improves in vivo cardiac and skeletal muscle bioenergetics in patients with Friedreich's ataxia. Ann.Neurol. 2001;49(5):590-596. View abstract.

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Lopez-Lluch, G., Barroso, M. P., Martin, S. F., Fernandez-Ayala, D. J., Gomez-Diaz, C., Villalba, J. M., and Navas, P. Role of plasma membrane coenzyme Q on the regulation of apoptosis. Biofactors 1999;9(2-4):171-177. View abstract.

Lowes, D. A., Thottakam, B. M., Webster, N. R., Murphy, M. P., and Galley, H. F. The mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MitoQ protects against organ damage in a lipopolysaccharide-peptidoglycan model of sepsis. Free Radic.Biol.Med 12-1-2008;45(11):1559-1565. View abstract.

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Mancini, A., Conte, B., De, Marinis L., Hallgass, M. E., Pozza, D., Oradei, A., and Littarru, G. P. Coenzyme Q10 levels in human seminal fluid: diagnostic and clinical implications. Mol.Aspects Med 1994;15 Suppl:s249-s255. View abstract.

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Mancini, A., Milardi, D., Conte, G., Festa, R., De Marinis, L., and Littarru, G. P. Seminal antioxidants in humans: preoperative and postoperative evaluation of coenzyme Q10 in varicocele patients. Horm.Metab Res 2005;37(7):428-432. View abstract.

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Marazzi, G., Cacciotti, L., Pelliccia, F., Iaia, L., Volterrani, M., Caminiti, G., Sposato, B., Massaro, R., Grieco, F., and Rosano, G. Long-term effects of nutraceuticals (berberine, red yeast rice, policosanol) in elderly hypercholesterolemic patients. Adv.Ther 2011;28(12):1105-1113. View abstract.

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Matsumura, T., Saji, S., Nakamura, R., and Folkers, K. Evidence for enhanced treatment of periodontal disease by therapy with coenzyme Q. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res 1973;43(4):537-548. View abstract.

Matthews, P. M., Ford, B., Dandurand, R. J., Eidelman, D. H., O'Connor, D., Sherwin, A., Karpati, G., Andermann, F., and Arnold, D. L. Coenzyme Q10 with multiple vitamins is generally ineffective in treatment of mitochondrial disease. Neurology 1993;43(5):884-890. View abstract.

Mauskop, A. Nonmedication, alternative, and complementary treatments for migraine. Continuum (Minneap.Minn.) 2012;18(4):796-806. View abstract.

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Mestre, T., Ferreira, J., Coelho, M. M., Rosa, M., and Sampaio, C. Therapeutic interventions for disease progression in Huntington's disease. Cochrane.Database.Syst.Rev. 2009;(3):CD006455. View abstract.

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Miles, M. V., Miles, L., Tang, P. H., Horn, P. S., Steele, P. E., Degrauw, A. J., Wong, B. L., and Bove, K. E. Systematic evaluation of muscle coenzyme Q10 content in children with mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme deficiencies. Mitochondrion. 2008;8(2):170-180. View abstract.

Miles, M. V., Patterson, B. J., Schapiro, M. B., Hickey, F. J., Chalfonte-Evans, M., Horn, P. S., and Hotze, S. L. Coenzyme Q10 absorption and tolerance in children with Down syndrome: a dose-ranging trial. Pediatr Neurol. 2006;35(1):30-37. View abstract.

Miles, M. V., Tang, P. H., Miles, L., Steele, P. E., Moye, M. J., and Horn, P. S. Validation and application of an HPLC-EC method for analysis of coenzyme Q10 in blood platelets. Biomed.Chromatogr. 2008;22(12):1403-1408. View abstract.

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Miquel, J. Can antioxidant diet supplementation protect against age-related mitochondrial damage? Ann N Y.Acad Sci 2002;959:508-516. View abstract.

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Mizuno, K., Tanaka, M., Nozaki, S., Mizuma, H., Ataka, S., Tahara, T., Sugino, T., Shirai, T., Kajimoto, Y., Kuratsune, H., Kajimoto, O., and Watanabe, Y. Antifatigue effects of coenzyme Q10 during physical fatigue. Nutrition 2008;24(4):293-299. View abstract.

Mizuno, M., Quistorff, B., Theorell, H., Theorell, M., and Chance, B. Effects of oral supplementation of coenzyme Q10 on 31P-NMR detected skeletal muscle energy metabolism in middle-aged post-polio subjects and normal volunteers. Mol.Aspects Med 1997;18 Suppl:S291-S298. View abstract.

Mizushina, Y., Takeuchi, T., Takakusagi, Y., Yonezawa, Y., Mizuno, T., Yanagi, K., Imamoto, N., Sugawara, F., Sakaguchi, K., Yoshida, H., and Fujita, M. Coenzyme Q10 as a potent compound that inhibits Cdt1-geminin interaction. Biochim.Biophys.Acta 2008;1780(2):203-213. View abstract.

Mohr, D., Bowry, V. W., and Stocker, R. Dietary supplementation with coenzyme Q10 results in increased levels of ubiquinol-10 within circulating lipoproteins and increased resistance of human low-density lipoprotein to the initiation of lipid peroxidation. Biochim Biophys Acta 6-26-1992;1126(3):247-254. View abstract.

Molyneux, S. L., Florkowski, C. M., George, P. M., Pilbrow, A. P., Frampton, C. M., Lever, M., and Richards, A. M. Coenzyme Q10: an independent predictor of mortality in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 10-28-2008;52(18):1435-1441. View abstract.

Molyneux, S. L., Florkowski, C. M., Richards, A. M., Lever, M., Young, J. M., and George, P. M. Coenzyme Q10; an adjunctive therapy for congestive heart failure? N.Z.Med J 10-30-2009;122(1305):74-79. View abstract.

Montero, R., Sanchez-Alcazar, J. A., Briones, P., Hernandez, A. R., Cordero, M. D., Trevisson, E., Salviati, L., Pineda, M., Garcia-Cazorla, A., Navas, P., and Artuch, R. Analysis of coenzyme Q10 in muscle and fibroblasts for the diagnosis of CoQ10 deficiency syndromes. Clin Biochem. 2008;41(9):697-700. View abstract.

Montero, R., Sanchez-Alcazar, J. A., Briones, P., Navarro-Sastre, A., Gallardo, E., Bornstein, B., Herrero-Martin, D., Rivera, H., Martin, M. A., Marti, R., Garcia-Cazorla, A., Montoya, J., Navas, P., and Artuch, R. Coenzyme Q10 deficiency associated with a mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome: a case report. Clin Biochem. 2009;42(7-8):742-745. View abstract.

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Mori, T. A., Burke, V., Puddey, I., Irish, A., Cowpland, C. A., Beilin, L., Dogra, G., and Watts, G. F. The effects of [omega]3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 on blood pressure and heart rate in chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial. J Hypertens. 2009;27(9):1863-1872. View abstract.

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Mozaffarieh, M., Grieshaber, M. C., Orgul, S., and Flammer, J. The potential value of natural antioxidative treatment in glaucoma. Surv.Ophthalmol. 2008;53(5):479-505. View abstract.

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Muller, T., Buttner, T., Gholipour, A. F., and Kuhn, W. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation provides mild symptomatic benefit in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurosci.Lett. 5-8-2003;341(3):201-204. View abstract.

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Murata, T., Ohtsuka, C., and Terayama, Y. Increased mitochondrial oxidative damage and oxidative DNA damage contributes to the neurodegenerative process in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Free Radic.Res 2008;42(3):221-225. View abstract.

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Muta-Takada, K., Terada, T., Yamanishi, H., Ashida, Y., Inomata, S., Nishiyama, T., and Amano, S. Coenzyme Q10 protects against oxidative stress-induced cell death and enhances the synthesis of basement membrane components in dermal and epidermal cells. Biofactors 2009;35(5):435-441. View abstract.

Myers, L., Farmer, J. M., Wilson, R. B., Friedman, L., Tsou, A., Perlman, S. L., Subramony, S. H., Gomez, C. M., Ashizawa, T., Wilmot, G. R., Mathews, K. D., Balcer, L. J., and Lynch, D. R. Antioxidant use in Friedreich ataxia. J Neurol.Sci 4-15-2008;267(1-2):174-176. View abstract.

Nadjarzadeh, A., Sadeghi, M. R., Amirjannati, N., Vafa, M. R., Motevalian, S. A., Gohari, M. R., Akhondi, M. A., Yavari, P., and Shidfar, F. Coenzyme Q10 improves seminal oxidative defense but does not affect on semen parameters in idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia: a randomized double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J Endocrinol.Invest 2011;34(8):e224-e228. View abstract.

Nahas, R. Complementary and alternative medicine approaches to blood pressure reduction: An evidence-based review. Can.Fam.Physician 2008;54(11):1529-1533. View abstract.

Nielsen, A. N., Mizuno, M., Ratkevicius, A., Mohr, T., Rohde, M., Mortensen, S. A., and Quistorff, B. No effect of antioxidant supplementation in triathletes on maximal oxygen uptake, 31P-NMRS detected muscle energy metabolism and muscle fatigue. Int J Sports Med 1999;20(3):154-158. View abstract.

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Oda, T. Recovery of the systolic time intervals by coenzyme Q10 in patients with a load-induced cardiac dysfunction. Mol.Aspects Med 1997;18 Suppl:S153-S158. View abstract.

Ogasahara, S., Nishikawa, Y., Yorifuji, S., Soga, F., Nakamura, Y., Takahashi, M., Hashimoto, S., Kono, N., and Tarui, S. Treatment of Kearns-Sayre syndrome with coenzyme Q10. Neurology 1986;36(1):45-53. View abstract.

Ogasahara, S., Yorifuji, S., Nishikawa, Y., Takahashi, M., Wada, K., Hazama, T., Nakamura, Y., Hashimoto, S., Kono, N., and Tarui, S. Improvement of abnormal pyruvate metabolism and cardiac conduction defect with coenzyme Q10 in Kearns-Sayre syndrome. Neurology 1985;35(3):372-377. View abstract.

Okamoto, T., Fukui, K., Nakamoto, M., Kishi, T., Okishio, T., Yamagami, T., Kanamori, N., Kishi, H., and Hiraoka, E. High-performance liquid chromatography of coenzyme Q-related compounds and its application to biological materials. J Chromatogr. 7-12-1985;342(1):35-46. View abstract.

Okamura, T., Sunamori, M., Amano, J., Hirooka, Y., Ozeki, M., Tanaka, A., and Suzuki, A. Combined treatment of coenzyme Q10 and aprotinin with intraaortic balloon pumping following aorto-coronary bypass surgery. Jpn.J Surg 1984;14(2):97-103. View abstract.

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Okuyama, S. and Mishina, H. Principia of cancer therapy. VI. Application of ubiquinone ointment for intractable radiation ulcers: an expanded cytochrome C effect? Sci Rep.Res Inst.Tohoku Univ [Med] 1983;30(1-4):36-39. View abstract.

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Ozaki, A., Muromachi, A., Sumi, M., Sakai, Y., Morishita, K., and Okamoto, T. Emulsification of coenzyme Q10 using gum arabic increases bioavailability in rats and human and improves food-processing suitability. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol.(Tokyo) 2010;56(1):41-47. View abstract.

Palacka, P., Kucharska, J., Murin, J., Dostalova, K., Okkelova, A., Cizova, M., Waczulikova, I., Moricova, S., and Gvozdjakova, A. Complementary therapy in diabetic patients with chronic complications: a pilot study. Bratisl.Lek.Listy 2010;111(4):205-211. View abstract.

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Parashos, S. A., Swearingen, C. J., Biglan, K. M., Bodis-Wollner, I., Liang, G. S., Ross, G. W., Tilley, B. C., and Shulman, L. M. Determinants of the timing of symptomatic treatment in early Parkinson disease: The National Institutes of Health Exploratory Trials in Parkinson Disease (NET-PD) Experience. Arch Neurol. 2009;66(9):1099-1104. View abstract.

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Patchett, D. C. and Grover, M. L. Mitochondrial myopathy presenting as rhabdomyolysis. J Am Osteopath.Assoc. 2011;111(6):404-405. View abstract.

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Pfeffer, G., Majamaa, K., Turnbull, D. M., Thorburn, D., and Chinnery, P. F. Treatment for mitochondrial disorders. Cochrane Database.Syst.Rev. 2012;4:CD004426. View abstract.

Pineda, M., Arpa, J., Montero, R., Aracil, A., Dominguez, F., Galvan, M., Mas, A., Martorell, L., Sierra, C., Brandi, N., Garcia-Arumi, E., Rissech, M., Velasco, D., Costa, J. A., and Artuch, R. Idebenone treatment in paediatric and adult patients with Friedreich ataxia: long-term follow-up. Eur J Paediatr.Neurol. 2008;12(6):470-475. View abstract.

Pineda, M., Montero, R., Aracil, A., O'Callaghan, M. M., Mas, A., Espinos, C., Martinez-Rubio, D., Palau, F., Navas, P., Briones, P., and Artuch, R. Coenzyme Q(10)-responsive ataxia: 2-year-treatment follow-up. Mov Disord. 7-15-2010;25(9):1262-1268. View abstract.

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Portakal, O. and Inal-Erden, M. Effects of pentoxifylline and coenzyme Q10 in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. Clin Biochem 1999;32(6):461-466. View abstract.

Porter, D. A., Costill, D. L., Zachwieja, J. J., Krzeminski, K., Fink, W. J., Wagner, E., and Folkers, K. The effect of oral coenzyme Q10 on the exercise tolerance of middle- aged, untrained men. Int J Sports Med 1995;16(7):421-427. View abstract.

Prahl, S., Kueper, T., Biernoth, T., Wohrmann, Y., Munster, A., Furstenau, M., Schmidt, M., Schulze, C., Wittern, K. P., Wenck, H., Muhr, G. M., and Blatt, T. Aging skin is functionally anaerobic: importance of coenzyme Q10 for anti aging skin care. Biofactors 2008;32(1-4):245-255. View abstract.

Premkumar, V. G., Yuvaraj, S., Sathish, S., Shanthi, P., and Sachdanandam, P. Anti-angiogenic potential of CoenzymeQ10, riboflavin and niacin in breast cancer patients undergoing tamoxifen therapy. Vascul.Pharmacol. 2008;48(4-6):191-201. View abstract.

Prieme, H., Loft, S., Nyyssonen, K., Salonen, J. T., and Poulsen, H. E. No effect of supplementation with vitamin E, ascorbic acid, or coenzyme Q10 on oxidative DNA damage estimated by 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'- deoxyguanosine excretion in smokers. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65(2):503-507. View abstract.

Puizina-Ivic, N. Skin aging. Acta Dermatovenerol.Alp Panonica.Adriat. 2008;17(2):47-54. View abstract.

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Rakoczi, K., Klivenyi, P., and Vecsei, L. [Neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders: preclinical and clinical findings]. Ideggyogy.Sz 1-30-2009;62(1-2):25-34. View abstract.

Ramelli, G. P., Gallati, S., Weis, J., Krahenbuhl, S., and Burgunder, J. M. Point mutation tRNA(Ser(UCN)) in a child with hearing loss and myoclonus epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 2006;21(3):253-255. View abstract.

Ramirez-Tortosa, M. C., Quiles, J. L., Battino, M., Granados, S., Morillo, J. M., Bompadre, S., Newman, H. N., and Bullon, P. Periodontitis is associated with altered plasma fatty acids and cardiovascular risk markers. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc.Dis 2010;20(2):133-139. View abstract.

Ranen, N. G., Peyser, C. E., Coyle, J. T., Bylsma, F. W., Sherr, M., Day, L., Folstein, M. F., Brandt, J., Ross, C. A., and Folstein, S. E. A controlled trial of idebenone in Huntington's disease. Mov Disord. 1996;11(5):549-554. View abstract.

Rastogi SS, Singh RB, and Shukla PK. Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled trial of hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 in patients with hyperinsulinemia. First Conference of the International Coenzyme Q10 Association 2002;

Ravina, B., Romer, M., Constantinescu, R., Biglan, K., Brocht, A., Kieburtz, K., Shoulson, I., and McDermott, M. P. The relationship between CAG repeat length and clinical progression in Huntington's disease. Mov Disord. 7-15-2008;23(9):1223-1227. View abstract.

Redfearn, E. R. Mode of action of ubiquinones (coenzymes Q) in electron transport systems. Vitam Horm 1966;24:465-488. View abstract.

Reid, M. S., Casadonte, P., Baker, S., Sanfilipo, M., Braunstein, D., Hitzemann, R., Montgomery, A., Majewska, D., Robinson, J., and Rotrosen, J. A placebo-controlled screening trial of olanzapine, valproate, and coenzyme Q10/L-carnitine for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Addiction 2005;100 Suppl 1:43-57. View abstract.

Reiter, M., Rupp, K., Baumeister, P., Zieger, S., and Harreus, U. Antioxidant effects of quercetin and coenzyme Q10 in mini organ cultures of human nasal mucosa cells. Anticancer Res 2009;29(1):33-39. View abstract.

Rinaldi, C., Tucci, T., Maione, S., Giunta, A., De, Michele G., and Filla, A. Low-dose idebenone treatment in Friedreich's ataxia with and without cardiac hypertrophy. J Neurol. 2009;256(9):1434-1437. View abstract.

Roberts J. The effects of coenzyme Q10 on excercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22((suppl)):S87.

Rodriguez, M. C., MacDonald, J. R., Mahoney, D. J., Parise, G., Beal, M. F., and Tarnopolsky, M. A. Beneficial effects of creatine, CoQ10, and lipoic acid in mitochondrial disorders. Muscle Nerve 2007;35(2):235-242. View abstract.

Rodriguez-Hernandez, A., Cordero, M. D., Salviati, L., Artuch, R., Pineda, M., Briones, P., Gomez, Izquierdo L., Cotan, D., Navas, P., and Sanchez-Alcazar, J. A. Coenzyme Q deficiency triggers mitochondria degradation by mitophagy. Autophagy. 1-1-2009;5(1):19-32. View abstract.

Roland, L., Gagne, A., Belanger, M. C., Boutet, M., Berthiaume, L., Fraser, W. D., Julien, P., and Bilodeau, J. F. Existence of compensatory defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and hypertension in preeclampsia. Hypertens.Pregnancy. 2010;29(1):21-37. View abstract.

Rosenfeldt, F. L., Haas, S. J., Krum, H., Hadj, A., Ng, K., Leong, J. Y., and Watts, G. F. Coenzyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of the clinical trials. J Hum.Hypertens. 2007;21(4):297-306. View abstract.

Rosenfeldt, F. L., Pepe, S., Linnane, A., Nagley, P., Rowland, M., Ou, R., Marasco, S., and Lyon, W. The effects of ageing on the response to cardiac surgery: protective strategies for the ageing myocardium. Biogerontology. 2002;3(1-2):37-40. View abstract.

Rosenfeldt, F., Marasco, S., Lyon, W., Wowk, M., Sheeran, F., Bailey, M., Esmore, D., Davis, B., Pick, A., Rabinov, M., Smith, J., Nagley, P., and Pepe, S. Coenzyme Q10 therapy before cardiac surgery improves mitochondrial function and in vitro contractility of myocardial tissue. J Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg. 2005;129(1):25-32. View abstract.

Rusciani, L., Proietti, I., Paradisi, A., Rusciani, A., Guerriero, G., Mammone, A., De Gaetano, A., and Lippa, S. Recombinant interferon alpha-2b and coenzyme Q10 as a postsurgical adjuvant therapy for melanoma: a 3-year trial with recombinant interferon-alpha and 5-year follow-up. Melanoma Res 2007;17(3):177-183. View abstract.

Rusciani, L., Proietti, I., Rusciani, A., Paradisi, A., Sbordoni, G., Alfano, C., Panunzi, S., De Gaetano, A., and Lippa, S. Low plasma coenzyme Q10 levels as an independent prognostic factor for melanoma progression. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54(2):234-241. View abstract.

Ryo, K., Ito, A., Takatori, R., Tai, Y., Arikawa, K., Seido, T., Yamada, T., Shinpo, K., Tamaki, Y., Fujii, K., Yamamoto, Y., and Saito, I. Effects of coenzyme Q10 on salivary secretion. Clin Biochem 2011;44(8-9):669-674. View abstract.

Sacconi, S., Trevisson, E., Salviati, L., Ayme, S., Rigal, O., Redondo, A. G., Mancuso, M., Siciliano, G., Tonin, P., Angelini, C., Aure, K., Lombes, A., and Desnuelle, C. Coenzyme Q10 is frequently reduced in muscle of patients with mitochondrial myopathy. Neuromuscul.Disord. 2010;20(1):44-48. View abstract.

Sacher, H. L., Sacher, M. L., Landau, S. W., Kersten, R., Dooley, F., Sacher, A., Sacher, M., Dietrick, K., and Ichkhan, K. The clinical and hemodynamic effects of coenzyme Q10 in congestive cardiomyopathy. Am J Ther 1997;4(2-3):66-72. View abstract.

Safarinejad, M. R. Safety and efficacy of coenzyme Q10 supplementation in early chronic Peyronie's disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study. Int J Impot.Res 2010;22(5):298-309. View abstract.

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Sakata, T., Furuya, R., Shimazu, T., Odamaki, M., Ohkawa, S., and Kumagai, H. Coenzyme Q10 administration suppresses both oxidative and antioxidative markers in hemodialysis patients. Blood Purif. 2008;26(4):371-378. View abstract.

Salami, A., Mora, R., Dellepiane, M., Manini, G., Santomauro, V., Barettini, L., and Guastini, L. Water-soluble coenzyme Q10 formulation (Q-TER((R))) in the treatment of presbycusis. Acta Otolaryngol. 2010;130(10):1154-1162. View abstract.

Salles, J. E., Moises, V. A., Almeida, D. R., Chacra, A. R., and Moises, R. S. Myocardial dysfunction in mitochondrial diabetes treated with Coenzyme Q10. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2006;72(1):100-103. View abstract.

Salviati, L., Sacconi, S., Murer, L., Zacchello, G., Franceschini, L., Laverda, A. M., Basso, G., Quinzii, C., Angelini, C., Hirano, M., Naini, A. B., Navas, P., DiMauro, S., and Montini, G. Infantile encephalomyopathy and nephropathy with CoQ10 deficiency: a CoQ10-responsive condition. Neurology 8-23-2005;65(4):606-608. View abstract.

Santa-Mara, I., Santpere, G., MacDonald, M. J., Gomez de, Barreda E., Hernandez, F., Moreno, F. J., Ferrer, I., and Avila, J. Coenzyme q induces tau aggregation, tau filaments, and Hirano bodies. J Neuropathol.Exp.Neurol. 2008;67(5):428-434. View abstract.

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Schneeberger, W., Muller-Steinwachs, J., Anda, L. P., Fuchs, W., Zilliken, F., Lyson, K., Muratsu, K., and Folkers, K. A clinical double-blind and crossover trial with coenzyme Q10 on patients with cardiac disease. In: Folkers, K. and Yamamura, Y. Biomedical and Clinical Aspects of Coenzyme Q. Amsterdam: Elsevier;1986.

Schulz, C., Obermuller-Jevic, U. C., Hasselwander, O., Bernhardt, J., and Biesalski, H. K. Comparison of the relative bioavailability of different coenzyme Q10 formulations with a novel solubilizate (Solu Q10). Int J Food Sci Nutr 2006;57(7-8):546-555. View abstract.

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Senes, M., Erbay, A. R., Yilmaz, F. M., Topkaya, B. C., Zengi, O., Dogan, M., and Yucel, D. Coenzyme Q10 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in ischemic and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Clin Chem.Lab Med 2008;46(3):382-386. View abstract.

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Shah, S. A., Sander, S., Cios, D., Lipeika, J., Kluger, J., and White, C. M. Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic effects of coenzyme Q10 in healthy individuals: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Ann Pharmacother 2007;41(3):420-425. View abstract.

Shilov, A. M., Mel'nik, M. V., Voevodina, E. S., Osiia, A. O., and Griaznov, D. A. [Prophylaxis of ischemic heart lesions during chronic heart failure with complex therapy using Q10 coenzyme]. Anesteziol.Reanimatol. 2011;(2):34-38. View abstract.

Shin, J. Y., Shin, J. I., Kim, J. S., Yang, Y. S., Hwang, Y., Yang, J. S., Shin, D., Seo, J. H., Jin, Y. S., Park, Y. C., Hwang, J. S., and Kweon, D. H. Assembly of Coenzyme Q10 nanostructure resembling nascent discoidal high density lipoprotein particle. Biochem.Biophys.Res Commun. 10-16-2009;388(2):217-221. View abstract.

Shojaei, M., Djalali, M., Khatami, M., Siassi, F., and Eshraghian, M. Effects of carnitine and coenzyme Q10 on lipid profile and serum levels of lipoprotein(a) in maintenance hemodialysis patients on statin therapy. Iran J Kidney Dis 2011;5(2):114-118. View abstract.

Shults, C. W. Treatments of Parkinson disease: circa 2003. Arch.Neurol. 2003;60(12):1680-1684. View abstract.

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Shults, C. W., Haas, R. H., and Beal, M. F. A possible role of coenzyme Q10 in the etiology and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Biofactors 1999;9(2-4):267-272. View abstract.

Shults, C. W., Haas, R. H., Passov, D., and Beal, M. F. Coenzyme Q10 levels correlate with the activities of complexes I and II/III in mitochondria from parkinsonian and nonparkinsonian subjects. Ann.Neurol. 1997;42(2):261-264. View abstract.

Shumaev KB, Ruuge EK, Lankin VZ, and et al. Effect of coenzyme Q on the formation of tocopheroxyl radicals in model systems. First Conference of the International Coenzyme Q10 Association 2002;

Sieswerda, E., van Dalen, E. C., Postma, A., Cheuk, D. K., Caron, H. N., and Kremer, L. C. Medical interventions for treating anthracycline-induced symptomatic and asymptomatic cardiotoxicity during and after treatment for childhood cancer. Cochrane Database Syst.Rev. 2011;(9):CD008011. View abstract.

Sikorska, M., Sandhu, J. K., Simon, D. K., Pathiraja, V., Sodja, C., Li, Y., Ribecco-Lutkiewicz, M., Lanthier, P., Borowy-Borowski, H., Upton, A., Raha, S., Pulst, S. M., and Tarnopolsky, M. A. Identification of ataxia-associated mtDNA mutations (m.4052T>C and m.9035T>C) and evaluation of their pathogenicity in transmitochondrial cybrids. Muscle Nerve 2009;40(3):381-394. View abstract.

Silver, M. A., Langsjoen, P. H., Szabo, S., Patil, H., and Zelinger, A. Effect of atorvastatin on left ventricular diastolic function and ability of coenzyme Q10 to reverse that dysfunction. Am J Cardiol. 11-15-2004;94(10):1306-1310. View abstract.

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Singh RB, Khanna HK, and Niaz MA. Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in chronic renal failure: discovery of a new role. J Nutr Environ Med 2000;10:281-288.

Singh, R. B., Kartikey, K., Charu, A. S., Niaz, M. A., and Schaffer, S. Effect of taurine and coenzyme Q10 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. 2003;526:41-48. View abstract.

Singh, R. B., Niaz, M. A., Kumar, A., Sindberg, C. D., Moesgaard, S., and Littarru, G. P. Effect on absorption and oxidative stress of different oral Coenzyme Q10 dosages and intake strategy in healthy men. Biofactors 2005;25(1-4):219-224. View abstract.

Singh, R. B., Wander, G. S., Rastogi, A., Shukla, P. K., Mittal, A., Sharma, J. P., Mehrotra, S. K., Kapoor, R., and Chopra, R. K. Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of coenzyme Q10 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc.Drugs Ther. 1998;12(4):347-353. View abstract.

Sival, D. A., du Marchie Sarvaas, G. J., Brouwer, O. F., Uges, D. R., Verschuuren-Bemelmans, C. C., Maurits, N. M., Brunt, E. R., and van der Hoeven, J. H. Neurophysiological evaluation in children with Friedreich's ataxia. Early Hum.Dev. 2009;85(10):647-651. View abstract.

Sivitz, W. I. and Yorek, M. A. Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes: from molecular mechanisms to functional significance and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid.Redox.Signal. 2010;12(4):537-577. View abstract.

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Slater, S. K., Nelson, T. D., Kabbouche, M. A., Lecates, S. L., Horn, P., Segers, A., Manning, P., Powers, S. W., and Hershey, A. D. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover, add-on study of CoEnzyme Q10 in the prevention of pediatric and adolescent migraine. Cephalalgia 2011;31(8):897-905. View abstract.

Smith, R. A., Adlam, V. J., Blaikie, F. H., Manas, A. R., Porteous, C. M., James, A. M., Ross, M. F., Logan, A., Cocheme, H. M., Trnka, J., Prime, T. A., Abakumova, I., Jones, B. A., Filipovska, A., and Murphy, M. P. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants in the treatment of disease. Ann N.Y.Acad.Sci 2008;1147:105-111. View abstract.

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Someya, S., Xu, J., Kondo, K., Ding, D., Salvi, R. J., Yamasoba, T., Rabinovitch, P. S., Weindruch, R., Leeuwenburgh, C., Tanokura, M., and Prolla, T. A. Age-related hearing loss in C57BL/6J mice is mediated by Bak-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci U.S.A 11-17-2009;106(46):19432-19437. View abstract.

Soukoulis, V., Dihu, J. B., Sole, M., Anker, S. D., Cleland, J., Fonarow, G. C., Metra, M., Pasini, E., Strzelczyk, T., Taegtmeyer, H., and Gheorghiade, M. Micronutrient deficiencies an unmet need in heart failure. J Am Coll.Cardiol. 10-27-2009;54(18):1660-1673. View abstract.

Spurney, C. F., Rocha, C. T., Henricson, E., Florence, J., Mayhew, J., Gorni, K., Pasquali, L., Pestronk, A., Martin, G. R., Hu, F., Nie, L., Connolly, A. M., and Escolar, D. M. CINRG pilot trial of coenzyme Q10 in steroid-treated Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 2011;44(2):174-178. View abstract.

Stacpoole, P. W., DeGrauw, T. J., Feigenbaum, A. S., Hoppel, C., Kerr, D. S., McCandless, S. E., Miles, M. V., Robinson, B. H., and Tang, P. H. Design and implementation of the first randomized controlled trial of coenzyme CoQ(1)(0) in children with primary mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrion. 2012;12(6):623-629. View abstract.

Stamelou, M., Reuss, A., Pilatus, U., Magerkurth, J., Niklowitz, P., Eggert, K. M., Krisp, A., Menke, T., Schade-Brittinger, C., Oertel, W. H., and Hoglinger, G. U. Short-term effects of coenzyme Q10 in progressive supranuclear palsy: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Mov Disord. 5-15-2008;23(7):942-949. View abstract.

Stocker, R., Bowry, V. W., and Frei, B. Ubiquinol-10 protects human low density lipoprotein more efficiently against lipid peroxidation than does alpha-tocopherol. Proc Natl.Acad Sci U.S.A 3-1-1991;88(5):1646-1650. View abstract.

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